{"id":"CVE-2025-65855","state":"PUBLISHED","title":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware v18_178_221102_ASCII_PRO_1R5_50) uses hard-coded WiFi credentials identical across all devices and does","description":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware v18_178_221102_ASCII_PRO_1R5_50) uses hard-coded WiFi credentials identical across all devices and does not authenticate update servers or validate firmware signatures. An attacker with brief physical access can activate OTA mode (8-second button press), create a malicious WiFi AP using the known credentials, and serve malicious firmware via unauthenticated HTTP to achieve arbitrary code execution on this safety-critical emergency signaling device.","publishedAt":"2025-12-17T00:00:00.000Z","updatedAt":"2025-12-17T16:52:08.227Z","severity":{"score":6.6,"label":"Medium","version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","source":"CISA-ADP"},"assigner":"mitre","products":["n/a n/a"],"affected":[{"vendor":"n/a","product":"n/a","versions":[{"version":"n/a","status":"affected"}]}],"references":["https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v4.3.2/","https://luismirandaacebedo.github.io/CVE-2025-65855/"],"weaknesses":["CWE-798","CWE-494","CWE-319"],"ingestedAt":"2026-10-29T20:09:56.034Z","source":{"repository":"CVEProject/cvelistV5","path":"cves/2025/65xxx/CVE-2025-65855.json","commit":"556c9d3a8cd17e218bb8e452ba7cd619a384ff47"},"raw":{"dataType":"CVE_RECORD","dataVersion":"5.2","cveMetadata":{"cveId":"CVE-2025-65855","state":"PUBLISHED","datePublished":"2025-12-17T00:00:00.000Z","dateUpdated":"2025-12-17T16:52:08.227Z","assignerShortName":"mitre","assignerOrgId":"8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca","dateReserved":"2025-11-18T00:00:00.000Z"},"containers":{"cna":{"descriptions":[{"lang":"en","value":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware v18_178_221102_ASCII_PRO_1R5_50) uses hard-coded WiFi credentials identical across all devices and does not authenticate update servers or validate firmware signatures. An attacker with brief physical access can activate OTA mode (8-second button press), create a malicious WiFi AP using the known credentials, and serve malicious firmware via unauthenticated HTTP to achieve arbitrary code execution on this safety-critical emergency signaling device."}],"affected":[{"vendor":"n/a","product":"n/a","versions":[{"version":"n/a","status":"affected"}]}],"references":[{"url":"https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v4.3.2/"},{"url":"https://luismirandaacebedo.github.io/CVE-2025-65855/"}],"problemTypes":[{"descriptions":[{"type":"text","lang":"en","description":"n/a"}]}],"providerMetadata":{"shortName":"mitre","orgId":"8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca","dateUpdated":"2025-12-17T16:11:34.623Z"}},"adp":[{"title":"CISA ADP Vulnrichment","metrics":[{"cvssV3_1":{"scope":"UNCHANGED","version":"3.1","baseScore":6.6,"attackVector":"PHYSICAL","baseSeverity":"MEDIUM","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","integrityImpact":"HIGH","userInteraction":"REQUIRED","attackComplexity":"LOW","availabilityImpact":"HIGH","privilegesRequired":"NONE","confidentialityImpact":"HIGH"}},{"other":{"type":"ssvc","content":{"timestamp":"2025-12-17T16:48:47.767332Z","id":"CVE-2025-65855","options":[{"Exploitation":"poc"},{"Automatable":"no"},{"Technical Impact":"total"}],"role":"CISA Coordinator","version":"2.0.3"}}}],"problemTypes":[{"descriptions":[{"cweId":"CWE-798","type":"CWE","lang":"en","description":"CWE-798 Use of Hard-coded Credentials"}]},{"descriptions":[{"cweId":"CWE-494","type":"CWE","lang":"en","description":"CWE-494 Download of Code Without Integrity Check"}]},{"descriptions":[{"cweId":"CWE-319","type":"CWE","lang":"en","description":"CWE-319 Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information"}]}],"providerMetadata":{"shortName":"CISA-ADP","orgId":"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0","dateUpdated":"2025-12-17T16:52:08.227Z"}}]}}}