{"id":"CVE-2025-4960","state":"PUBLISHED","title":"macOS Local Privilege Escalation via Improper Authorization Handling in EPSON Printer Controller Installer","description":"The com.epson.InstallNavi.helper tool, deployed with the EPSON printer driver installer, contains a local privilege escalation vulnerability due to multiple flaws in its implementation. It fails to properly authenticate clients over the XPC protocol and does not correctly enforce macOS’s authorization model, exposing privileged functionality to untrusted users. Although it invokes the AuthorizationCopyRights API, it does so using overly permissive custom rights that it registers in the system’s authorization database (/var/db/auth.db).\n\n\nThese rights can be requested and granted by the authorization daemon to any local user, regardless of privilege level. As a result, an attacker can exploit the vulnerable service to perform privileged operations such as executing arbitrary commands or installing system components without requiring administrative credentials.","publishedAt":"2026-02-19T01:37:22.018Z","updatedAt":"2026-02-24T01:47:09.720Z","severity":{"score":7.8,"label":"High","version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","source":"Pentraze"},"assigner":"Pentraze","products":["EPSON EPSON Printer Controller Installer"],"affected":[{"vendor":"EPSON","product":"EPSON Printer Controller Installer","packageName":"com.epson.InstallNavi.helper","defaultStatus":"unaffected","versions":[{"version":"0","status":"affected","lessThanOrEqual":"1.0.0","versionType":"semver"}],"collectionURL":"https://epson.com.do/Soporte/Impresoras/Impresoras-multifuncionales/sh/s100","platforms":["MacOS"]}],"references":["https://pentraze.com/vulnerability-reports/cve-2025-4960/","https://pentraze.com/vulnerability-reports/"],"weaknesses":["CWE-863"],"ingestedAt":"2026-10-29T20:09:23.771Z","source":{"repository":"CVEProject/cvelistV5","path":"cves/2025/4xxx/CVE-2025-4960.json","commit":"556c9d3a8cd17e218bb8e452ba7cd619a384ff47"},"raw":{"dataType":"CVE_RECORD","dataVersion":"5.2","cveMetadata":{"cveId":"CVE-2025-4960","state":"PUBLISHED","datePublished":"2026-02-19T01:37:22.018Z","dateUpdated":"2026-02-24T01:47:09.720Z","assignerShortName":"Pentraze","assignerOrgId":"41c37e40-543d-43a2-b660-2fee83ea851a","dateReserved":"2025-05-19T17:26:58.497Z"},"containers":{"cna":{"title":"macOS Local Privilege Escalation via Improper Authorization Handling in EPSON Printer Controller Installer","descriptions":[{"lang":"en","value":"The com.epson.InstallNavi.helper tool, deployed with the EPSON printer driver installer, contains a local privilege escalation vulnerability due to multiple flaws in its implementation. It fails to properly authenticate clients over the XPC protocol and does not correctly enforce macOS’s authorization model, exposing privileged functionality to untrusted users. Although it invokes the AuthorizationCopyRights API, it does so using overly permissive custom rights that it registers in the system’s authorization database (/var/db/auth.db).\n\n\nThese rights can be requested and granted by the authorization daemon to any local user, regardless of privilege level. As a result, an attacker can exploit the vulnerable service to perform privileged operations such as executing arbitrary commands or installing system components without requiring administrative credentials."}],"affected":[{"vendor":"EPSON","product":"EPSON Printer Controller Installer","packageName":"com.epson.InstallNavi.helper","defaultStatus":"unaffected","versions":[{"version":"0","status":"affected","lessThanOrEqual":"1.0.0","versionType":"semver"}],"collectionURL":"https://epson.com.do/Soporte/Impresoras/Impresoras-multifuncionales/sh/s100","platforms":["MacOS"]}],"references":[{"url":"https://pentraze.com/vulnerability-reports/cve-2025-4960/"},{"url":"https://pentraze.com/vulnerability-reports/"}],"metrics":[{"cvssV3_1":{"attackComplexity":"LOW","attackVector":"LOCAL","availabilityImpact":"HIGH","baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","confidentialityImpact":"HIGH","integrityImpact":"HIGH","privilegesRequired":"LOW","scope":"UNCHANGED","userInteraction":"NONE","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","version":"3.1"},"format":"CVSS","scenarios":[{"lang":"en","value":"GENERAL"}]}],"problemTypes":[{"descriptions":[{"cweId":"CWE-863","description":"CWE-863 Incorrect Authorization","lang":"en","type":"CWE"}]}],"providerMetadata":{"shortName":"Pentraze","orgId":"41c37e40-543d-43a2-b660-2fee83ea851a","dateUpdated":"2026-02-19T01:37:22.018Z"},"cpeApplicability":[{"nodes":[{"cpeMatch":[{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:a:epson:epson_printer_controller_installer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:0","versionEndIncluding":"1.0.0","versionStartIncluding":"0","vulnerable":true}],"negate":false,"operator":"OR"}],"operator":"OR"}],"credits":[{"lang":"en","type":"finder","value":"Carlos Garrido of Pentraze Cybersecurity"}],"datePublic":"2026-02-19T01:32:00.000Z","impacts":[{"capecId":"CAPEC-233","descriptions":[{"lang":"en","value":"CAPEC-233 Privilege Escalation"}]}],"source":{"discovery":"UNKNOWN"},"x_generator":{"engine":"Vulnogram 0.2.0"}},"adp":[{"title":"CISA ADP Vulnrichment","metrics":[{"other":{"type":"ssvc","content":{"timestamp":"2026-02-24T01:46:54.984973Z","id":"CVE-2025-4960","options":[{"Exploitation":"poc"},{"Automatable":"no"},{"Technical Impact":"total"}],"role":"CISA Coordinator","version":"2.0.3"}}}],"providerMetadata":{"shortName":"CISA-ADP","orgId":"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0","dateUpdated":"2026-02-24T01:47:09.720Z"}}]}}}