{"id":"CVE-2025-37838","state":"PUBLISHED","title":"HSI: ssi_protocol: Fix use after free vulnerability in ssi_protocol Driver Due to Race Condition","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nHSI: ssi_protocol: Fix use after free vulnerability in ssi_protocol Driver Due to Race Condition\n\nIn the ssi_protocol_probe() function, &ssi->work is bound with\nssip_xmit_work(), In ssip_pn_setup(), the ssip_pn_xmit() function\nwithin the ssip_pn_ops structure is capable of starting the\nwork.\n\nIf we remove the module which will call ssi_protocol_remove()\nto make a cleanup, it will free ssi through kfree(ssi),\nwhile the work mentioned above will be used. The sequence\nof operations that may lead to a UAF bug is as follows:\n\nCPU0                                    CPU1\n\n                        | ssip_xmit_work\nssi_protocol_remove     |\nkfree(ssi);             |\n                        | struct hsi_client *cl = ssi->cl;\n                        | // use ssi\n\nFix it by ensuring that the work is canceled before proceeding\nwith the cleanup in ssi_protocol_remove().","publishedAt":"2025-04-18T14:20:55.389Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-05T11:57:47.833Z","severity":{"score":7.8,"label":"High","version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","source":"Linux"},"assigner":"Linux","products":["Linux Linux"],"affected":[{"vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","defaultStatus":"unaffected","versions":[{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"d03abc1c2b21324550fa71e12d53e7d3498e0af6","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"4a8c29beb8a02b5a0a9d77d608aa14b6f88a6b86","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"72972552d0d0bfeb2dec5daf343a19018db36ffa","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"d58493832e284f066e559b8da5ab20c15a2801d3","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"58eb29dba712ab0f13af59ca2fe545f5ce360e78","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"ae5a6a0b425e8f76a9f0677e50796e494e89b088","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"834e602d0cc7c743bfce734fad4a46cefc0f9ab1","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"4b4194c9a7a8f92db39e8e86c85f4fb12ebbec4f","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"e3f88665a78045fe35c7669d2926b8d97b892c11","versionType":"git"}],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","programFiles":["drivers/hsi/clients/ssi_protocol.c"]},{"vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","defaultStatus":"affected","versions":[{"version":"4.8","status":"affected"},{"version":"0","status":"unaffected","lessThan":"4.8","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.4.293","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.4.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.10.237","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.10.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.15.181","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.15.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.1.135","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.1.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.6.88","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.6.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.12.24","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.12.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.13.12","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.13.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.14.3","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.14.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.15","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"*","versionType":"original_commit_for_fix"}],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","programFiles":["drivers/hsi/clients/ssi_protocol.c"]}],"references":["https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d03abc1c2b21324550fa71e12d53e7d3498e0af6","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4a8c29beb8a02b5a0a9d77d608aa14b6f88a6b86","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/72972552d0d0bfeb2dec5daf343a19018db36ffa","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d58493832e284f066e559b8da5ab20c15a2801d3","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/58eb29dba712ab0f13af59ca2fe545f5ce360e78","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ae5a6a0b425e8f76a9f0677e50796e494e89b088","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/834e602d0cc7c743bfce734fad4a46cefc0f9ab1","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4b4194c9a7a8f92db39e8e86c85f4fb12ebbec4f","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e3f88665a78045fe35c7669d2926b8d97b892c11","https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00045.html","https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00030.html"],"weaknesses":["CWE-416"],"ingestedAt":"2026-10-29T20:09:03.054Z","source":{"repository":"CVEProject/cvelistV5","path":"cves/2025/37xxx/CVE-2025-37838.json","commit":"556c9d3a8cd17e218bb8e452ba7cd619a384ff47"},"raw":{"dataType":"CVE_RECORD","dataVersion":"5.2","cveMetadata":{"cveId":"CVE-2025-37838","state":"PUBLISHED","datePublished":"2025-04-18T14:20:55.389Z","dateUpdated":"2026-08-05T11:57:47.833Z","assignerShortName":"Linux","assignerOrgId":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","dateReserved":"2025-04-16T04:51:23.952Z"},"containers":{"cna":{"title":"HSI: ssi_protocol: Fix use after free vulnerability in ssi_protocol Driver Due to Race Condition","descriptions":[{"lang":"en","value":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nHSI: ssi_protocol: Fix use after free vulnerability in ssi_protocol Driver Due to Race Condition\n\nIn the ssi_protocol_probe() function, &ssi->work is bound with\nssip_xmit_work(), In ssip_pn_setup(), the ssip_pn_xmit() function\nwithin the ssip_pn_ops structure is capable of starting the\nwork.\n\nIf we remove the module which will call ssi_protocol_remove()\nto make a cleanup, it will free ssi through kfree(ssi),\nwhile the work mentioned above will be used. The sequence\nof operations that may lead to a UAF bug is as follows:\n\nCPU0                                    CPU1\n\n                        | ssip_xmit_work\nssi_protocol_remove     |\nkfree(ssi);             |\n                        | struct hsi_client *cl = ssi->cl;\n                        | // use ssi\n\nFix it by ensuring that the work is canceled before proceeding\nwith the cleanup in ssi_protocol_remove()."}],"affected":[{"vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","defaultStatus":"unaffected","versions":[{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"d03abc1c2b21324550fa71e12d53e7d3498e0af6","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"4a8c29beb8a02b5a0a9d77d608aa14b6f88a6b86","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"72972552d0d0bfeb2dec5daf343a19018db36ffa","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"d58493832e284f066e559b8da5ab20c15a2801d3","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"58eb29dba712ab0f13af59ca2fe545f5ce360e78","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"ae5a6a0b425e8f76a9f0677e50796e494e89b088","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"834e602d0cc7c743bfce734fad4a46cefc0f9ab1","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"4b4194c9a7a8f92db39e8e86c85f4fb12ebbec4f","versionType":"git"},{"version":"df26d639e2f4628732a8da5a0f71e4e652ce809b","status":"affected","lessThan":"e3f88665a78045fe35c7669d2926b8d97b892c11","versionType":"git"}],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","programFiles":["drivers/hsi/clients/ssi_protocol.c"]},{"vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","defaultStatus":"affected","versions":[{"version":"4.8","status":"affected"},{"version":"0","status":"unaffected","lessThan":"4.8","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.4.293","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.4.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.10.237","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.10.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.15.181","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.15.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.1.135","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.1.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.6.88","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.6.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.12.24","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.12.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.13.12","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.13.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.14.3","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.14.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.15","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"*","versionType":"original_commit_for_fix"}],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","programFiles":["drivers/hsi/clients/ssi_protocol.c"]}],"references":[{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d03abc1c2b21324550fa71e12d53e7d3498e0af6"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4a8c29beb8a02b5a0a9d77d608aa14b6f88a6b86"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/72972552d0d0bfeb2dec5daf343a19018db36ffa"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d58493832e284f066e559b8da5ab20c15a2801d3"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/58eb29dba712ab0f13af59ca2fe545f5ce360e78"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ae5a6a0b425e8f76a9f0677e50796e494e89b088"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/834e602d0cc7c743bfce734fad4a46cefc0f9ab1"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4b4194c9a7a8f92db39e8e86c85f4fb12ebbec4f"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e3f88665a78045fe35c7669d2926b8d97b892c11"}],"metrics":[{"cvssV3_1":{"version":"3.1","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH"},"scenarios":[{"lang":"en","value":"AV:L - The vulnerable work item is armed only through the local phonet netdev transmit path (`ssip_pn_xmit()` via a local socket) and the free occurs on local driver teardown (unbind/module removal or interface down); no remote peer data reaches this code.\nAC:L - The attacker directly controls the arming side of the race by continuously queuing TX packets so `ssip_xmit_work()` is pending/running, and can repeat the teardown trigger indefinitely until the window is hit, so success does not depend on conditions outside the attacker's influence.\nPR:L - Reaching `ssip_pn_xmit()` requires only a local process able to transmit on the phonet interface (a packet/phonet socket capability), not full administrative control of the system; per the higher-severity rule this is scored as low rather than high privileges.\nUI:N - No victim action is needed — the attacker queues transmit work and the teardown/reset path executes without any user having to open a file, mount, or interact.\nS:U - The use-after-free is confined to kernel heap memory within the same security authority; there is no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary crossed.\nC:H - The freed `struct ssi_protocol` is dereferenced for `ssi->cl` and its list heads after `kfree()`; by reclaiming the slab the attacker controls the pointers that are followed and dereferenced, yielding an arbitrary kernel memory read primitive.\nI:H - The post-free code writes into the freed object (`spin_lock_bh(&ssi->lock)`, `list_del()` unlink, `ssi->txid++`, `send_state`) and calls `mod_timer()` on `timer_list` structures inside reclaimed memory, so attacker-sprayed data supplies a timer function pointer and unlink write — a control-flow hijack / arbitrary write primitive.\nA:H - Even unexploited, the use-after-free reliably causes memory corruption, a `BUG_ON(list_empty(&ssi->cmdqueue))` panic, or an oops on the freed list/timer state, crashing the kernel."}]}],"providerMetadata":{"shortName":"Linux","orgId":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","dateUpdated":"2026-08-05T11:57:47.833Z"},"cpeApplicability":[{"nodes":[{"operator":"OR","negate":false,"cpeMatch":[{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"4.8","versionEndExcluding":"5.4.293"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"4.8","versionEndExcluding":"5.10.237"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"4.8","versionEndExcluding":"5.15.181"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"4.8","versionEndExcluding":"6.1.135"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"4.8","versionEndExcluding":"6.6.88"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"4.8","versionEndExcluding":"6.12.24"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"4.8","versionEndExcluding":"6.13.12"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"4.8","versionEndExcluding":"6.14.3"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"4.8","versionEndExcluding":"6.15"}]}]}],"x_generator":{"engine":"bippy-1.2.0"}},"adp":[{"title":"CISA ADP Vulnrichment","metrics":[{"cvssV3_1":{"scope":"UNCHANGED","version":"3.1","baseScore":7.8,"attackVector":"LOCAL","baseSeverity":"HIGH","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","integrityImpact":"HIGH","userInteraction":"NONE","attackComplexity":"LOW","availabilityImpact":"HIGH","privilegesRequired":"LOW","confidentialityImpact":"HIGH"}},{"other":{"type":"ssvc","content":{"id":"CVE-2025-37838","role":"CISA Coordinator","options":[{"Exploitation":"none"},{"Automatable":"no"},{"Technical Impact":"total"}],"version":"2.0.3","timestamp":"2025-04-21T14:38:43.871416Z"}}}],"problemTypes":[{"descriptions":[{"cweId":"CWE-416","lang":"en","type":"CWE","description":"CWE-416 Use After Free"}]}],"providerMetadata":{"shortName":"CISA-ADP","orgId":"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0","dateUpdated":"2025-04-21T14:41:43.037Z"}},{"title":"CVE Program Container","references":[{"url":"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00045.html"},{"url":"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00030.html"}],"providerMetadata":{"shortName":"CVE","orgId":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108","dateUpdated":"2025-11-03T19:56:09.541Z"}}]}}}