{"id":"CVE-2024-26957","state":"PUBLISHED","title":"s390/zcrypt: fix reference counting on zcrypt card objects","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ns390/zcrypt: fix reference counting on zcrypt card objects\n\nTests with hot-plugging crytpo cards on KVM guests with debug\nkernel build revealed an use after free for the load field of\nthe struct zcrypt_card. The reason was an incorrect reference\nhandling of the zcrypt card object which could lead to a free\nof the zcrypt card object while it was still in use.\n\nThis is an example of the slab message:\n\n    kernel: 0x00000000885a7512-0x00000000885a7513 @offset=1298. First byte 0x68 instead of 0x6b\n    kernel: Allocated in zcrypt_card_alloc+0x36/0x70 [zcrypt] age=18046 cpu=3 pid=43\n    kernel:  kmalloc_trace+0x3f2/0x470\n    kernel:  zcrypt_card_alloc+0x36/0x70 [zcrypt]\n    kernel:  zcrypt_cex4_card_probe+0x26/0x380 [zcrypt_cex4]\n    kernel:  ap_device_probe+0x15c/0x290\n    kernel:  really_probe+0xd2/0x468\n    kernel:  driver_probe_device+0x40/0xf0\n    kernel:  __device_attach_driver+0xc0/0x140\n    kernel:  bus_for_each_drv+0x8c/0xd0\n    kernel:  __device_attach+0x114/0x198\n    kernel:  bus_probe_device+0xb4/0xc8\n    kernel:  device_add+0x4d2/0x6e0\n    kernel:  ap_scan_adapter+0x3d0/0x7c0\n    kernel:  ap_scan_bus+0x5a/0x3b0\n    kernel:  ap_scan_bus_wq_callback+0x40/0x60\n    kernel:  process_one_work+0x26e/0x620\n    kernel:  worker_thread+0x21c/0x440\n    kernel: Freed in zcrypt_card_put+0x54/0x80 [zcrypt] age=9024 cpu=3 pid=43\n    kernel:  kfree+0x37e/0x418\n    kernel:  zcrypt_card_put+0x54/0x80 [zcrypt]\n    kernel:  ap_device_remove+0x4c/0xe0\n    kernel:  device_release_driver_internal+0x1c4/0x270\n    kernel:  bus_remove_device+0x100/0x188\n    kernel:  device_del+0x164/0x3c0\n    kernel:  device_unregister+0x30/0x90\n    kernel:  ap_scan_adapter+0xc8/0x7c0\n    kernel:  ap_scan_bus+0x5a/0x3b0\n    kernel:  ap_scan_bus_wq_callback+0x40/0x60\n    kernel:  process_one_work+0x26e/0x620\n    kernel:  worker_thread+0x21c/0x440\n    kernel:  kthread+0x150/0x168\n    kernel:  __ret_from_fork+0x3c/0x58\n    kernel:  ret_from_fork+0xa/0x30\n    kernel: Slab 0x00000372022169c0 objects=20 used=18 fp=0x00000000885a7c88 flags=0x3ffff00000000a00(workingset|slab|node=0|zone=1|lastcpupid=0x1ffff)\n    kernel: Object 0x00000000885a74b8 @offset=1208 fp=0x00000000885a7c88\n    kernel: Redzone  00000000885a74b0: bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb                          ........\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a74b8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b  kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a74c8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b  kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a74d8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b  kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a74e8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b  kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a74f8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b  kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a7508: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 68 4b 6b 6b 6b a5  kkkkkkkkkkhKkkk.\n    kernel: Redzone  00000000885a7518: bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb                          ........\n    kernel: Padding  00000000885a756c: 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a              ZZZZZZZZZZZZ\n    kernel: CPU: 0 PID: 387 Comm: systemd-udevd Not tainted 6.8.0-HF #2\n    kernel: Hardware name: IBM 3931 A01 704 (KVM/Linux)\n    kernel: Call Trace:\n    kernel:  [<00000000ca5ab5b8>] dump_stack_lvl+0x90/0x120\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d78bc>] check_bytes_and_report+0x114/0x140\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d53cc>] check_object+0x334/0x3f8\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d820c>] alloc_debug_processing+0xc4/0x1f8\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d852e>] get_partial_node.part.0+0x1ee/0x3e0\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d94ec>] ___slab_alloc+0xaf4/0x13c8\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d9e38>] __slab_alloc.constprop.0+0x78/0xb8\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99dc8dc>] __kmalloc+0x434/0x590\n    kernel:  [<00000000c9b4c0ce>] ext4_htree_store_dirent+0x4e/0x1c0\n    kernel:  [<00000000c9b908a2>] htree_dirblock_to_tree+0x17a/0x3f0\n    kernel: \n---truncated---","publishedAt":"2024-05-01T05:19:00.134Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-15T00:39:34.291Z","severity":{"score":7.8,"label":"High","version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","source":"Linux"},"assigner":"Linux","products":["Linux Linux"],"affected":[{"vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","defaultStatus":"unaffected","versions":[{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"7e500849fa558879a1cde43f80c7c048c2437058","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"9daddee03de3f231012014dab8ab2b277a116a55","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"6470078ab3d8f222115e11c4ec67351f3031b3dd","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"a55677878b93e9ebc31f66d0e2fb93be5e7836a6","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"b7f6c3630eb3f103115ab0d7613588064f665d0d","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"a64ab862e84e3e698cd351a87cdb504c7fc575ca","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"befb7f889594d23e1b475720cf93efd2f77df000","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"394b6d8bbdf9ddee6d5bcf3e1f3e9f23eecd6484","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"50ed48c80fecbe17218afed4f8bed005c802976c","versionType":"git"}],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","programFiles":["drivers/s390/crypto/zcrypt_api.c"]},{"vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","defaultStatus":"affected","versions":[{"version":"4.10","status":"affected"},{"version":"0","status":"unaffected","lessThan":"4.10","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"4.19.312","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"4.19.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.4.274","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.4.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.10.215","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.10.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.15.154","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.15.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.1.84","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.1.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.6.24","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.6.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.7.12","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.7.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.8.3","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.8.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.9","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"*","versionType":"original_commit_for_fix"}],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","programFiles":["drivers/s390/crypto/zcrypt_api.c"]}],"references":["https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7e500849fa558879a1cde43f80c7c048c2437058","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9daddee03de3f231012014dab8ab2b277a116a55","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6470078ab3d8f222115e11c4ec67351f3031b3dd","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a55677878b93e9ebc31f66d0e2fb93be5e7836a6","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b7f6c3630eb3f103115ab0d7613588064f665d0d","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a64ab862e84e3e698cd351a87cdb504c7fc575ca","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/befb7f889594d23e1b475720cf93efd2f77df000","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/394b6d8bbdf9ddee6d5bcf3e1f3e9f23eecd6484","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/50ed48c80fecbe17218afed4f8bed005c802976c","https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/06/msg00017.html","https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-398330.html"],"weaknesses":["CWE-416"],"ingestedAt":"2026-10-29T20:07:10.607Z","source":{"repository":"CVEProject/cvelistV5","path":"cves/2024/26xxx/CVE-2024-26957.json","commit":"556c9d3a8cd17e218bb8e452ba7cd619a384ff47"},"raw":{"dataType":"CVE_RECORD","dataVersion":"5.2","cveMetadata":{"cveId":"CVE-2024-26957","state":"PUBLISHED","datePublished":"2024-05-01T05:19:00.134Z","dateUpdated":"2026-10-15T00:39:34.291Z","assignerShortName":"Linux","assignerOrgId":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","dateReserved":"2024-02-19T14:20:24.200Z"},"containers":{"cna":{"title":"s390/zcrypt: fix reference counting on zcrypt card objects","descriptions":[{"lang":"en","value":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ns390/zcrypt: fix reference counting on zcrypt card objects\n\nTests with hot-plugging crytpo cards on KVM guests with debug\nkernel build revealed an use after free for the load field of\nthe struct zcrypt_card. The reason was an incorrect reference\nhandling of the zcrypt card object which could lead to a free\nof the zcrypt card object while it was still in use.\n\nThis is an example of the slab message:\n\n    kernel: 0x00000000885a7512-0x00000000885a7513 @offset=1298. First byte 0x68 instead of 0x6b\n    kernel: Allocated in zcrypt_card_alloc+0x36/0x70 [zcrypt] age=18046 cpu=3 pid=43\n    kernel:  kmalloc_trace+0x3f2/0x470\n    kernel:  zcrypt_card_alloc+0x36/0x70 [zcrypt]\n    kernel:  zcrypt_cex4_card_probe+0x26/0x380 [zcrypt_cex4]\n    kernel:  ap_device_probe+0x15c/0x290\n    kernel:  really_probe+0xd2/0x468\n    kernel:  driver_probe_device+0x40/0xf0\n    kernel:  __device_attach_driver+0xc0/0x140\n    kernel:  bus_for_each_drv+0x8c/0xd0\n    kernel:  __device_attach+0x114/0x198\n    kernel:  bus_probe_device+0xb4/0xc8\n    kernel:  device_add+0x4d2/0x6e0\n    kernel:  ap_scan_adapter+0x3d0/0x7c0\n    kernel:  ap_scan_bus+0x5a/0x3b0\n    kernel:  ap_scan_bus_wq_callback+0x40/0x60\n    kernel:  process_one_work+0x26e/0x620\n    kernel:  worker_thread+0x21c/0x440\n    kernel: Freed in zcrypt_card_put+0x54/0x80 [zcrypt] age=9024 cpu=3 pid=43\n    kernel:  kfree+0x37e/0x418\n    kernel:  zcrypt_card_put+0x54/0x80 [zcrypt]\n    kernel:  ap_device_remove+0x4c/0xe0\n    kernel:  device_release_driver_internal+0x1c4/0x270\n    kernel:  bus_remove_device+0x100/0x188\n    kernel:  device_del+0x164/0x3c0\n    kernel:  device_unregister+0x30/0x90\n    kernel:  ap_scan_adapter+0xc8/0x7c0\n    kernel:  ap_scan_bus+0x5a/0x3b0\n    kernel:  ap_scan_bus_wq_callback+0x40/0x60\n    kernel:  process_one_work+0x26e/0x620\n    kernel:  worker_thread+0x21c/0x440\n    kernel:  kthread+0x150/0x168\n    kernel:  __ret_from_fork+0x3c/0x58\n    kernel:  ret_from_fork+0xa/0x30\n    kernel: Slab 0x00000372022169c0 objects=20 used=18 fp=0x00000000885a7c88 flags=0x3ffff00000000a00(workingset|slab|node=0|zone=1|lastcpupid=0x1ffff)\n    kernel: Object 0x00000000885a74b8 @offset=1208 fp=0x00000000885a7c88\n    kernel: Redzone  00000000885a74b0: bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb                          ........\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a74b8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b  kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a74c8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b  kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a74d8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b  kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a74e8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b  kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a74f8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b  kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk\n    kernel: Object   00000000885a7508: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 68 4b 6b 6b 6b a5  kkkkkkkkkkhKkkk.\n    kernel: Redzone  00000000885a7518: bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb                          ........\n    kernel: Padding  00000000885a756c: 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a              ZZZZZZZZZZZZ\n    kernel: CPU: 0 PID: 387 Comm: systemd-udevd Not tainted 6.8.0-HF #2\n    kernel: Hardware name: IBM 3931 A01 704 (KVM/Linux)\n    kernel: Call Trace:\n    kernel:  [<00000000ca5ab5b8>] dump_stack_lvl+0x90/0x120\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d78bc>] check_bytes_and_report+0x114/0x140\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d53cc>] check_object+0x334/0x3f8\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d820c>] alloc_debug_processing+0xc4/0x1f8\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d852e>] get_partial_node.part.0+0x1ee/0x3e0\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d94ec>] ___slab_alloc+0xaf4/0x13c8\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99d9e38>] __slab_alloc.constprop.0+0x78/0xb8\n    kernel:  [<00000000c99dc8dc>] __kmalloc+0x434/0x590\n    kernel:  [<00000000c9b4c0ce>] ext4_htree_store_dirent+0x4e/0x1c0\n    kernel:  [<00000000c9b908a2>] htree_dirblock_to_tree+0x17a/0x3f0\n    kernel: \n---truncated---"}],"affected":[{"vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","defaultStatus":"unaffected","versions":[{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"7e500849fa558879a1cde43f80c7c048c2437058","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"9daddee03de3f231012014dab8ab2b277a116a55","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"6470078ab3d8f222115e11c4ec67351f3031b3dd","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"a55677878b93e9ebc31f66d0e2fb93be5e7836a6","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"b7f6c3630eb3f103115ab0d7613588064f665d0d","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"a64ab862e84e3e698cd351a87cdb504c7fc575ca","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"befb7f889594d23e1b475720cf93efd2f77df000","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"394b6d8bbdf9ddee6d5bcf3e1f3e9f23eecd6484","versionType":"git"},{"version":"e28d2af43614eb86f59812e7221735fc221bbc10","status":"affected","lessThan":"50ed48c80fecbe17218afed4f8bed005c802976c","versionType":"git"}],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","programFiles":["drivers/s390/crypto/zcrypt_api.c"]},{"vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","defaultStatus":"affected","versions":[{"version":"4.10","status":"affected"},{"version":"0","status":"unaffected","lessThan":"4.10","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"4.19.312","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"4.19.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.4.274","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.4.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.10.215","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.10.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"5.15.154","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"5.15.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.1.84","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.1.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.6.24","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.6.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.7.12","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.7.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.8.3","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"6.8.*","versionType":"semver"},{"version":"6.9","status":"unaffected","lessThanOrEqual":"*","versionType":"original_commit_for_fix"}],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","programFiles":["drivers/s390/crypto/zcrypt_api.c"]}],"references":[{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7e500849fa558879a1cde43f80c7c048c2437058"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9daddee03de3f231012014dab8ab2b277a116a55"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6470078ab3d8f222115e11c4ec67351f3031b3dd"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a55677878b93e9ebc31f66d0e2fb93be5e7836a6"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b7f6c3630eb3f103115ab0d7613588064f665d0d"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a64ab862e84e3e698cd351a87cdb504c7fc575ca"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/befb7f889594d23e1b475720cf93efd2f77df000"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/394b6d8bbdf9ddee6d5bcf3e1f3e9f23eecd6484"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/50ed48c80fecbe17218afed4f8bed005c802976c"}],"metrics":[{"cvssV3_1":{"version":"3.1","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH"},"scenarios":[{"lang":"en","value":"AV:L - The vulnerability is reached through ioctls on the `/dev/z90crypt` misc device (ICARSAMODEXPO, ICARSACRT, ZSECSENDCPRB, ZSENDEP11CPRB), requiring local access to the s390 guest/LPAR. There is no network-facing consumer of `zcrypt_pick_queue()`.\nAC:L - The attacker fully controls the vulnerable window — `wait_for_completion_interruptible()` has no timeout, so unlimited threads park inside the pick/drop region indefinitely — and can synchronously force the removal-processing side via the `-ENODEV` retry path, which calls `ap_bus_force_rescan()` → `ap_scan_bus()` in the caller's own context. Queue teardown wakes the parked waiters with `-EAGAIN` just before the card `kfree()`, so no narrow timing window has to be won.\nPR:L - `zcrypt_unlocked_ioctl()` contains no `capable()` or `CAP_*` check; the only gate is `zcrypt_check_ioctl()` against `ap_perms`, which `ap_perms_init()` fills with 0xFF (all ioctls, all cards, all queues permitted) by default. The device node is world-accessible by design so unprivileged crypto libraries can use the adapters, so any local unprivileged user qualifies.\nUI:N - No victim action is needed — the attacker's own ioctl loop holds the stale pointer, and the attacker forces the AP bus rescan themselves via the `-ENODEV` retry path. Adapter deconfiguration is a system/hardware event, not a required user interaction.\nS:U - The use-after-free corrupts kernel slab memory within the same kernel security authority; there is no crossing of a guest/host, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary.\nC:H - Use-after-free on the freed `zcrypt_card` includes genuine reads of freed memory — `zq->zcard->max_mod_size` selects the CRB message format and `zq->zcard->max_exp_bit_length` gates the retry path — so reclaimed heap contents leak into attacker-observable behavior, and a reclaimed kmalloc-96 slot yields a general read primitive.\nI:H - The bug provides UAF writes into freed memory at known offsets: a 32-bit atomic decrement at offset 88 (`zc->load`) and a 32-bit store of 17 at offset 72 (`max_exp_bit_length`). With heap grooming of the shared kmalloc-96 cache, these controlled-offset writes into an attacker-reclaimed object are escalatable to arbitrary write and control-flow hijack.\nA:H - The reported symptom is slab poison corruption on a freed object; writing into a reclaimed kmalloc-96 slot reliably corrupts unrelated kernel structures and produces oopses or panics (immediate BUG under SLUB_DEBUG/KASAN), and the attacker can repeat it at 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